SHIPBREAKING
Inspired by the Positivist philosophical doctrine of Auguste Comte-which advocated that its practitioners pursue altruism, scientific methodology, cultural engagement and acquire multiple fields of expertise-Geddes use of townThe city as parasite is used by Manuel De Landa in The Non-Linear Development of Cities. Historically, cities have always relied on the neighboring countryside for resources and food.1 Many utopian urban planners in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries drew urban schemes protecting the adjacent countryside, namely by the division of city and country by a boundary line. This is evident by the outer ring of Ebenezer Howard's Garden City, for example. Since then, globalization has allowed for the import of resources from around the world, resulting in the growing presence of megacities. The city is now not only a parasite on the adjacent countryside, but on all country and city globally. A city is a parasite since it relies outside of itself for resources. The shipbreaking industry in Bangladesh is a toxic example of this global parasitism, where international waste is imported and disassembled into production materials.2