ENCLOSED CITY
Initially the concept of enclosed city was based on the collection of research in the field of geology, ecology and biology, to distinguish the imaged and real environment in space. It was to serve as the model for ecological design for Earthly landscapes and buildings in 1970s. At that time, admirers who hold an Arcadian dream of building in harmony with nature embedded the biologically informed vision into the ecological design, which has not drawn connections to space exploration. 1 The aim of ecology and space research was on two titles, not only to improve life on earth but also to design an escape from the industrial society, based on the widely shared idea of ecological crisis among ecological architects. They are caused by laissez-faire economy, individualism, western capitalist greed and chaotic urbanization, fragmentation of social structure, and lack of planning that industrial society was doomed and their task was to design bio-shelters or eco-arks modelled on space cabins in which one could survive if (or rather when) the Earth turned into a dead planet. 2 Enclosed environment was practically about the biological survival in the sacrifice of wider cultural, aesthetic and social values of the humanist legacy to achieve the level of self-sufficiency with the autonomous servicing of permanent and temporary communities. The research and application of enclosed system has developed a fairly sophisticated technology as commandos in harsh territories or astronauts in future colonies. 3
Serge Chermayeff and Christopher Alexander were the first architects relating the importance of space research into ecological design. In their book, Community and Privacy (1963), they noted the environmental erosion of human habitat through the invasion by suburbia of farmland and wildness and proposed to build won autonomous ecologies instead of exploiting the natural one. As a source of inspiration they pointed out that 'both the nuclear submarine and the space capsule have been designed to support life over protracted periods without the possibility of escape'. 4 One of the practioners was Richard Buckminster Full, adopt space ecology as his chief approach with cabin ecology to explore the solution for environmental problems on Earth. Then the economist Kenneth Boulding was inspired from his lecture as the first people to attempt to apply cabin ecology to macroeconomics. Then it has become a standard reference for eco-friendly economic theorists. 5 And it became a key term in UN vocabulary to discuss the environmental and ecology problem.
Then in the practice of various artificial biosphere experiments, these are implemented on a small scale to enclose only one or a few inhabitants for a short time, the insulating characteristics of the boundary create an isolating condition. Pro. Lydia Kallipoliti identifies a connection between the closed circulatory environments of the space age to the cell environments of Peter Sloterdijk:
"This spatial paradigm, similar to the bubble space of the astronaut's suit, can be described as an "ego-sphere" that, according to Peter Sloterdijk, alludes to a novel territorial paradigm of the 20th century: modern individualism. Humans may claim their own space around the immediate proximity of their physical bodies and become their own planets." 6