• Intro
• Artificial climate
• No limit
• Heating systems
• Paxton at Chatsworth
• South American Water Lily
• Great Exhibition of 1851
• Background
• Construction
• Competition
• Sydenham
• Other buildings.

first describes the relationship of plants to their environment thus making horticulturists the first heating experts.

"As every animal has its climate and food natural to it, so has every plant an exposure, temper of air, and soil, proper to nourish and maintain it in a right state of health"

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Cast iron charcoal carts or wagons

by end of 17th century,

stoves or underground (or underfloor) vault for fire with masonry flue running under the floor

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Inability of steam to retain heat, Use of water, first to store, then to distribute the heat.

In England today many houses are heated with off-peak storage heaters, which are simply a stack of bricks absorbing cheap night electricity and radiating it during the day'

"We are not surprised that Mr. Atkinson should not have heard of what Chabannes had done; for we have learned, from what we consider undoubted authority, that when in January last, some of the Bank of England directors proposed to heat part of their establishment by hot water, their architect, eminent though he is, had not heard of such a mode of heating". The architect was John Soane

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Gardner at various places, eventually at Duke of Somerset at Wimbledon, then to new gardens of the Horticultural Society leased to 6th Duke of Devonshire at Chiswick House at Charsworth, England.

• Paxton was well read, wrote well and drew well
• Exceptional knowledge of botany
• Yielded need for year round enclosure yielded the greenhouse exploration throughout the world interest in exotic plants, animals, people

• Observant,
• Analytical
• Prone to experimentation
• Eye for procedure
• Nature and industry seen as alik
  (Procedural, subject to understanding and control)

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The speed of building the new house may surprise us today. But Paxton had developed his ridge and furrow model ten years previously in a design (later abandoned) for a flat-roof conservatory on Lord Burlington's estate. Later he had a ridge and furrow glass house built on another estate.

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• 20 years designing glass structures
• 15 years in railroad speculation
• 15 years designing conventional buildings
• 10 years designing parks and suburbs

• Lord John Russell, Prime Minister
• Sir Robert Peel's Life 1788-1850, former Member of Parliament and former Prime Minister.
• William Ewart Gladstone 1809 - 1898, former President of the Board of Trade (Minister of Industry and Commerce) and later Chancellor of the Exchequer (Minister of Finance)
• Richard Cobden 1804-1865, a Member of Parliament with a business background.
• Earl Granville, cousin of the Duke of
• Sir Charles Barry 1795-1860, architect of the Houses of Parliament (Westminster Palace), then under construction. One of his sons, Sir John Wolfe-Barry, was the engineer for Tower Bridge.
• William Cubitt 1785-1861, railway and canal engineer, builder

Consulted with Charles Barry and William Cubitt about probable cost.  Sutherland

• William Cubitt,1785-1861, railway and canal engineer, builder, chair of the committee and, in effect, consulting engineer for the building, knighted for his role in the building of the crystal palace.
• Duke of Buccleuch, builder
• Earl of Ellesmere, builder, politician, author, and philanthropist
• Charles Robert Cockerell 1788-1863, architect, in 1819 he was appointed surveyor of St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, and in 1833 he became chief architect of the Bank of England.
• Thomas Donaldson, architect
• Sir Charles Barry, architect
• Robert Stephensen, engineer
• Isambard Kingdom Brunel, engineer, designer and builder of the iron steam driven ship the Great Eastern, originally named the Liviathan

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• 245 designs submitted (some histories say 233 submissions) with 38 from foreign countries, 27 of which were from France.
• 65 receive mention
• 18 receive "further higher honorary distinction"
• 2 special mentions:

All were rejected.

Image of Turner entry.

Image of Horeau entry.

• Design had a 200 ft diameter dome Would have required 15,000,000 bricks.
• The design does not meet the committee's own criteria:
• It would take too long to build, cost too much, could not be dismantled, require all of the masonry to be laid in the winter

"The design of the building should be as original as its object. It should not be suggestive of the ideas of a pyramid, a temple, or a palace; for it will not be a tomb, a place of public worship, nor a mansion of royalty. The object should determine the design. That is to say, the design should be altogether subordinate to the uses of the building, and should be of the kind that would express them, or at least harmonize with them."

Paxton had influenced the specifications to allow for alternative designs and costs.

• Bid = 150,000 pounds if commission retains ownership of building
• or = 79,800 pounds if Fox and Henderson retain all materials
• Problem of the Elm trees, solved with vaulted roof

Had to design, manufacturer and assemble the largest building the Victorian world had ever seen in under a year, (~9 months) most of it in the winter.   Production began even without a contract.

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• Length 1,848ft Width 456 ft
• (Compare to St Peters 600' long x 450' wide, 126 years in construction 1506-1626)
• Height of barrel vault: 135'
• Enclosed volume 33,000,000
• 900,00 sq. ft of glass
• 772,784 sq. ft of ground floor area
• 217,000 sq. ft of gallery space
• 18 acres
• 372 roof trusses, 24 miles of Paxton gutter
• 205 miles of sash bar,
• 3000 columns
• 600,000 cubic feet of timber
• Critical component is the connector piece.

Image of connector piece.

• More than 6,000,000 people visited over the entire run of the exhibition.
• 13,000 exhibitors
• Closed with a $750,000 surplus

• Paxton knighted by Queen Victoria.

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• 843,656 sq. ft (smaller than 1851 version, but taller) 50% more volume glass surface doubled
• For year round use
• Added heating - 22 boilers ~ 11,000 gal each
• 50 miles of piping

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International Exhibition, Paris, includes two significant buildings:

The Palais de l'Industrie, with a center span of 48 meters (157.5 feet) constructed with large cast-iron columns and wrought-iron lattice girders.
No tie rods were used but the outward force was resisted by large blocks of lead.

The Galarie des Machines

The Galarie des Machines

• Designed by Ferdinand Dutert ,
  constructed by Contamin, engineer
• 375 ft span
• 1400 long
• I5Oft high

• 1000 ft high, designed as temporary structure